Basic cultivation of crops by irrigation

Abstract

An analysis of the results of field studies on the cultivation of crops against the background of various methods of soil cultivation is presented: agrophysical and agrochemical indicators, water and food regime of the soil. The purpose of the research is to study and develop improved agrotechnical techniques for growing crops using various methods of tillage, ensuring the improvement of agrophysical, agrochemical properties and preventing the development of degradation processes in irrigated lands of the Volga region. The object of research was the main and pre-sowing tillage for the crops of the link of irrigated crop rotation. The work methodology included studies that were based on the analysis of literature using a systematic approach, theoretical developments, generally accepted methods for laying and conducting field work. Studies were carried out in the Volga region on irrigated lands of the experimental production facilities of the Moscow Research and Development Institute in 2021-2023, where multifactorial field experiments were delivered and carried out. The issues are considered and justification is given for the existing resource-saving methods of soil cultivation. Based on the comparative characteristics, it has been proven that various methods of soil cultivation make it possible to identify their influence on agrophysical and agrochemical properties and fertility. It was found that the use of flat and fine tillage did not increase the compaction of the arable layer compared to plowing, however, in the lower layers (10-20 cm) there was an increase in soil density by 0.12-0.18 g/cm³. In the 0-10 cm layer, the greatest losses of soil structure were observed. Due to the lower impact on the soil during flat cutting, the proportion of water-reinforced aggregates in the upper horizon was higher compared to plowing with the formation turnover. However, in the 0-10 cm layer, prolonged use of this formulation by spraying and deflation resulted in a 1.1% reduction in agronomically valuable aggregates. Therefore, it is advisable to alternate dumping, flat cutting and minimal treatment in the irrigated crop rotation to optimize the composition of the arable layer and prevent erosion processes.